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With the determination of the whole genome sequence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) virus, the successful breakthrough of infectious cloning technology of VZV, and the emergence of effective preventive vaccines, which have been proven to be effective and safe, varicella has become a disease preventable by specific immunity. This article will review the genomic structure, epidemiological characteristics, and research application progress of varicella vaccine and herpes zoster vaccine of varicella zoster virus to provide reference for primary prevention of the disease.
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Humans , Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics , Herpes Zoster/prevention & control , Herpes Zoster Vaccine , Chickenpox Vaccine , GenomicsABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the dosimetric differences between conventional IMRT and electron beam conformal radiotherapy (EBCRT) combined with IMRT for post-mastectomy left-sided breast cancer patients.Methods:A total of 20 post-mastectomy left-sided breast cancer patients who were treated in the Ningbo First Hospital from June 2018 to October 2021 were retrospectively studied. The planning target volume (PTV) included the supra-and infra-clavicular regions(PTV sc)and the ipsilateral chest wall (PTV cw), and the prescribed dose was 50 Gy/25 f. All radiotherapy plans were designed using the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS). After that, the dose distribution of the target volume and the dose exposure of organs at risk (OARs) were compared and analyzed. Results:All the IMRT plans met the clinical requirements, yet 2/20 of the EBCRT combined with IMRT plans were not clinically accepted. For these two patients, the maximum chest wall thickness was 3.7 cm and 4.4 cm each, and the designed electron beam energy was 12 MeV and 15 MeV, respectively. The dose to the ipsilateral lung of these two patients exceeded the institution-specific dose limit standard. For the remaining 18 patients whose chest wall thickness was 3 cm or less, the designed electron beams were 9 MeV or less. All the EBCRT combined with IMRT plans were clinically accepted. The target dose distribution of the conventional IMRT was better than that of the EBCRT combined with IMRT (uniformity index (HI): PTV sc: t = -10.20, P<0.05; PTV cw: t = -9.24, P<0.05; conformal index (CI): PTV all: t = 10.39, P <0.05). For OARs, the V5 Gy, V20 Gy, and Dmean of the ipsilateral lung of EBCRT combined with IMRT were lower than those of IMRT ( t = 5.98, 6.30, 11.30, P <0.05). Specifically, the V25 Gy and Dmean of heart decreased by 8.3% and 4.79 Gy, respectively ( t = 15.23, 15.76, P<0.05), the Dmean of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LADCA) decreased by 44.03% ( t = 11.69, P <0.05), and the V5 Gy and Dmean of the contralateral breast decreased by 7.9% and 0.8 Gy, respectively ( t = 3.66, 4.93, P<0.05). The dosimetric differences of other OARs were not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). Conclusions:For post-mastectomy left-sided breast cancer patients with a chest wall thickness of less than 3 cm, EBCRT combined IMRT can significantly reduce the exposure dose to the heart, the ipsilateral lung, and the contralateral breast, which is beneficial to reducing the potential risk of long-term complications after radiotherapy and can further improve the long-term overall survival rate of patients. For patients with thick chest wall, IMRT plans are more technologically ideal.
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Objective@#To assess the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine among children aged 6 to 72 months.@*Methods@#The test-negative case control study was conducted based on available surveillance data which was from China Influenza Surveillance Information system (CSIS). From October 2016 to April 2017 and from October 2017 to April 2018,1 161 cases aged 6-72 months with influenza-like illness in Yongkang and Yiwu city, were selected as the study subjects, and the cases with influenza test-positive were selected as the case group (403 cases). Test-negative subjects were selected as control group (758 cases). The etiology and immunization data of the subjects were obtained from CSIS and Immune Information and Management System (IIMS) respectively. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated using multivariate logistic regression model,and the mixed effects of non-randomized control in TNCC study were equalized by using the propensity score (PS) method in the statistical analysis.@*Results@#The age of the subjects was (2.44±1.60) years,and there were 681 boys (58.66%). The age of case group was (2.62±1.58) years, and there were 246 boys (61.04%). The case group was including of 237 cases (58.81%) of influenza A (H3N2), 92 cases (22.83%) of influenza A (H1N1) pmd09, 62 cases (15.38%) of influenza B(Victoria) lineage, 11 cases (2.73%) of influenza B (Yamagata) lineage and one case (0.25%) co-infection of influenza [A(H3N2)+B (Victoria)]. The mean age of the control group was (2.35±1.61) years,and there were 435 boys (57.39%). Overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) against all type influenza for two seasons combined was 58% (95%CI: 31%-74%). An analysis by age groups showed 68% (95%CI:41%-82%) of the VE estimate among children aged 36-72 months while it was 28%(95%CI:-80%-71%)of the VE estimate among children aged 6-35 months. The VE estimate value was 54% (95%CI:16%-75%) against all type influenza and 65% (95%CI:24%-83%) against influenza A (H3N2) during the 2016-2017 season. During the 2017-2018 season, the VE estimate value was 69% (95%CI:18%-88%) against all type influenza.@*Conclusion@#Influenza vaccine is effective in preventing influenza virus infection during the flu season,especially the effect among children aged 36-72 months is higher compared to that among children aged 6-35 months.
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Purpose To investigate the expression and clinical significance of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) . Methods The expression of FFAR4 in HCC tissues and adjacent tissues of HCC patients was confirmed by 102 cases of liver resection and postoperative pathology, and the relationship between FFAR4 expression and clinical data of HCC patients was analyzed. Quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of FFAR4 in 20 pairs of freshly frozen HCC and adjacent tissues,and the related literatures were reviewed. Results The expression rate of FFAR4 in HCC tissues was 64. 7％ (66/102) ,and that in adjacent tissues was 15. 7％ (16/102) . The difference in FFAR4 expression between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0. 05) . The high expression of FFAR4 in HCC tissues was significantly correlated with tumor vascular invasion (P < 0. 05) ,TNM stage (P < 0. 01) ,and Edmondson classification (P < 0. 05) . qRT-PCR and Western blot showed that the expression of FFAR4 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0. 01,P< 0. 05) . Conclusion The expression of FFAR4 is significantly associated with the presence of vascular invasion,TNM staging, and Edmondson grading in HCC. High expression of FFAR4 may be closely related to the severity of HCC patients.
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Background@#Previous studies demonstrate that eccrine sweat glands are innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic nerves. However, it is still unknown whether the secretory coils and ducts of eccrine sweat glands are equally innervated by the sympathetic nerve fibers. To well understand the mechanisms on sweat secretion and reabsorption, the differential innervation of secretory coils and ducts in human eccrine sweat glands was investigated in the study.@*Methods@#From June 2016 to June 2017, six human skins were fixed, paraffin-embedded, and cut into 5 μm-thick sections, followed by costaining for nerve fiber markers protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and eccrine sweat gland markers K7, S100P, and K14 by combining standard immunofluorescence with tyramide signal amplification (IF-TSA). Stained sections were observed under the microscope, photographed, and analyzed.@*Results@#The fluorescent signals of PGP 9.5, TH, and VIP were easily visualized, by IF-TSA, as circular patterns surrounding eccrine sweat glands, but only PGP 9.5 could be observed by standard IF. The IF-TSA method is more sensitivity than standard IF in detecting antigens expressed at low levels. PGP 9.5, TH, and VIP appeared primarily surrounding the secretory coils and sparsely surrounding the sweat ducts.@*Conclusion@#Sweat secretion is mainly controlled by autonomic nerves whereas sweat reabsorption is less affected by nerve activity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Eccrine Glands , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Nerve Fibers , Sweat Glands , Vasoactive Intestinal PeptideABSTRACT
Purpose To detect the expression of FFAR4 protein and mRNA in pancreatic cancer and to discuss its role and significance in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Meth-ods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of FFAR4 protein in paraffin-embedded tissues from 62 cases of pathologically confirmed pancreatic cancer. The relationship be-tween the expression of FFAR4 and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer was also studied. At the same time, the ex- pression of FFAR4 in 20 pairs of pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were detected using Western bolt and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Results The results of immu-nohistochemistry showed that the expression rate of FFAR4 pro-tein in pancreatic carcinoma was 75. 8% (47/62) significantly higher than that in paratumor tissue 40. 3% (25/62), and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0. 05). The high ex-pression of FFAR4 was related to the degree of pancreatic cancer differentiation, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis ( P ＜0. 05). Western blot and qRT-PCR showed that the expression of FFAR4 protein and its mRNA expression in pancreatic cancer tissues was significantly higher than matched paracancerous tis-sues. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( P ＜0. 001 ). Conclusion The dysregulated ex-pression of FFAR4 may be closely related to the progression of pancreatic cancer. It is hopeful that FFAR4 may become a new marker for the prognosis of pancreatic cancer after surgery and a new target for the study of clinical therapeutic drugs.
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Objective To understand genetic mutation sites in linezolid (LZD)-sensitive and inducible resistant strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using whole-genome sequencing,and realize mutation sites of LZD-resistant gene.Methods MRSA-MS4 with explicit genotype and whole-genome sequences was induced by LZD of different concentration gradients,LZD-resistant strain MRSA-MS4-LZD100 was obtained,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was detected,domain V of 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins L3/L4 gene in MRSAMS4-LZD100 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),the sequenced products obtained the corresponding mutation site in contrast with the wild-type strain;Illumina PE library was constructed through paired-end sequencing by Illumina HiSeq 2000 technique,and whole genome sequencing was completed based on bioinformatics.Results MRAS-MS4-LZD100 strain was induced after 32 passages,MIC of LZD was 96 μg/mL.Sequencing of PCR products indicated the genetic variations were G2447T mutation in multiple copies of domain V of 23S rRNA gene,and Gly113Val mutation in L3 protein respectively;the whole genome of MRSA-MS4-LZD100 contained 2 744 315 bp,annotation of the whole genome found a total of 2 509 genes,11 tRNA-encoding genes and 2 entire rRNA-encoding operons.The data were submitted to the PubMed,and the GeneBank accession number JXMJ00000000 was assigned;a total of 101 SNPs and 6 Small indels were found,16 of 101SNP mutations occurred in exon,of which the variant proteins with anmino acid sequence alterations included IstB ATP binding domain-containing protein,clumping factor A,IS1272 transposase and so on;3 of 6 Small indel mutations occurred in exon,of which the variant proteins with anmino acid sequence alterations included hypothetical protein,30S ribosomal protein S1,and clumping factor A.Conclusion LZD-resistant strain MRSA-MS4-LZD100 was successfully induced by LZD;beside 23S rRNA V domain and ribosomal L3 protein,the other mutant site exist in this resistant strain,which provide some direction for subsequent study of recessive LZD resistance mechanism.
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Metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. However, the mechanisms underlying metastasis are not well understood and there is no effective treatment in the clinic. Here, we demonstrate that in MMTV-PyMT, a highly malignant spontaneous breast tumor model, IL-25 (also called IL-17E) was expressed by tumor-infiltrating CD4 T cells and macrophages. An IL-25 neutralization antibody, while not affecting primary tumor growth, substantially reduced lung metastasis. Inhibition of IL-25 resulted in decreased type 2 T cells and macrophages in the primary tumor microenvironments, both reported to enhance breast tumor invasion and subsequent metastasis to the lung. Taken together, our data suggest IL-25 blockade as a novel treatment for metastatic breast tumor.
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Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Antibodies, Neoplasm , Pharmacology , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Allergy and Immunology , Pathology , Interleukin-17 , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Interleukins , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Macrophages , Allergy and Immunology , Pathology , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Neoplasm Metastasis , Tumor Microenvironment , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
The lung is an important open organ and the primary site of respiration. Many life-threatening diseases develop in the lung, e.g., pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. In the lung, innate immunity serves as the frontline in both anti-irritant response and anti-tumor defense and is also critical for mucosal homeostasis; thus, it plays an important role in containing these pulmonary diseases. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), characterized by their strict tissue residence and distinct function in the mucosa, are attracting increased attention in innate immunity. Upon sensing the danger signals from damaged epithelium, ILCs activate, proliferate, and release numerous cytokines with specific local functions; they also participate in mucosal immune-surveillance, immune-regulation, and homeostasis. However, when their functions become uncontrolled, ILCs can enhance pathological states and induce diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of ILC subsets 1 to 3 in the lung, and how the pathogenic environment affects the function and plasticity of ILCs.
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Animals , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Lung , Allergy and Immunology , Pathology , Lung Diseases , Allergy and Immunology , Pathology , Therapeutics , Lymphocytes , Allergy and Immunology , PathologyABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex, heterozygous genetic disorder. The number of molecular genetic studies have investigated several candidate genes, particularly those implicated in the dopamine system. The dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene has been considered as a candidate gene in TS. There was not any report about the association study of TS and DRD3 gene in Han Chinese population. We combined a case-control genetic association analysis and nuclear pedigrees transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis to investigate the association between DRD3 gene rs6280 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and TS in a Han Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 160 TS patients was diagnosed by the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. The DRD3 gene rs6280 SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay technique in all subjects. We used a case-control genetic association analysis to compare the difference in genotype and allele frequencies between 160 TS patients and 90 healthy controls. At the same time, we used TDT analysis to identify the DRD3 gene rs6280 transmission disequilibrium among 101 nuclear pedigrees.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genotype and allele frequency of DRD3 gene rs6280 SNPs had no statistical difference between control group (90) and TS group (160) (χ2 = 3.647, P = 0.161; χ2 = 0.643, P = 0.423) using Chi-squared test. At the basis of the 101 nuclear pedigrees, TDT analysis showed no transmission disequilibrium of DRD3 gene rs6280 SNPs (χ2 = 0; P = 1).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Our findings provide no evidence for an association between DRD3 gene rs6280 and TS in the Han Chinese population.</p>
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Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Gene Frequency , Genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetics , Genotype , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Genetics , Receptors, Dopamine D3 , Genetics , Tourette SyndromeABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the effects of salidroside on the expression of substance P (SP)and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R)of bone marrow cells(BMCs)in bone marrow(BM)depressed anemia mice,and to explore its roles for hematopoietic regulation.Methods:Automatic blood cell analysator was used to detected the changes of peripheral blood cells in each group ,immuno-histochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) were used to analyze the expressions of SP and its receptor NK-1R of BMCs in each group respectively.Results: Peripheral blood testing results showed that the number of white blood cells (WBC),red blood cells(RBC)and hemoglobin(HB)of model group were significantly decreased when compared with control group.Compared with model group ,low-dose,middle-dose and high-dose salidroside obviously elevated the number of white blood cells ,and middle-dose salidroside obviously elevated the number of platelets.Immunohistochemistry studies showed that the expression of SP and its receptor NK-1R of BMCs was found in each group.Compared with control group , the expression of SP of BMCs was decreased obviously in model group(P0.05),and the expression of SP and its receptor NK-1R of BMCs was increased significantly in low-dose,middle-dose and high-dose salidroside groups (P<0.05).RT-PCR data showed that the expression of SP mRNA of BMCs was increased obviously in model group ,low-dose,middle-dose and high-dose salidroside groups when compared with control group (P<0.05).The expression of NK-1R mRNA of BMCs was un-detected in control group and model group.The expression level of NK-1R mRNA of BMCs was elevated gradually with the increase of salidroside dosage in low-dose,middle-dose and high-dose salidroside groups.Conclusion: The mRNA and protein expressions of SP and its receptor NK-1R of BMCs were up-regulated significantly by salidroside in dose-dependent manner.These data suggest that salidroside could participate in the recovery of hematopoietic function of BM depressed anemia mice by increasing the expression of SP and its receptor NK-1R of BMCs.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical effects of the no-flip procedure with the Chinese Shang Ring when circumcising adult males with redundant prepuce or phimosis, and to discuss its advantages and disadvantages.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the no-flip Shang Ring technique, we performed circumcision for 167 adult males aged 18 -72 (mean 27.8) years with redundant prepuce or phimosis, and analyzed the clinical data, including the operation time, postoperative complications, ring-removal time, and postoperative appearance of the penis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Complete follow-up data of 94 cases (56.29%) were obtained. The mean operation time was (5.03 +/- 0.71) minutes and the average ring-removal time was (18.83 +/- 6.70) days. The primary postoperative complications were edema (35 cases [37.23%] at 2 weeks and 9 cases [9.57%] at 4 weeks), including 2 severe cases (2.13%), and infection (3 cases [3.19%]). The pain scores were 2.01 +/- 2.46 during the procedure and 4.52 +/- 2.53 at 24 hours postoperatively. Slipping of the outer ring occurred in 1 case, and delayed removal of the ring in 30 cases (31.91%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Adult male circumcision with the no-flip Shang Ring technique is recommended for its short operation time, simple procedure, fewer postoperative complications, less pain, and better incision appearance.</p>
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Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Circumcision, Male , Methods , Edema , Operative Time , Pain, Postoperative , Penile Diseases , Penis , Congenital Abnormalities , General Surgery , Phimosis , General Surgery , Postoperative Complications , Postoperative Period , Prostheses and ImplantsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify protein markers for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by a comparative proteomic method.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Comparative analysis on the pancreatic peripheral blood protein profiling from 20 pancreatic cancer patients, 10 chronic pancreatitis patients and 20 cancer-free controls from May 2007 to September 2008 was carried out by two-dimensional fluorescence electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The significance difference proteins were confirmed by Western-blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A differentially expressed proteins: complement 3 (C3) was identified. The gray level of C3 in pancreatic cancer tissue, chronic pancreatitis, and normal control group were 1.63 ± 0.28, 0.65 ± 0.13 (t = 11.81, P = 0.00) and 0.88 ± 0.19 (t = 9.93, P = 0.00), respectively. C3 was high expression in pancreatic cancer group compared with normal control group. The expression of C3 was higher in pancreatic cancer group than in chronic pancreatitis group. The high expression of C3 in pancreatic carcinoma was confirmed by Western blot.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS technology is a quick, easy and practical method to screen for specific biomarkers in serum of patients with pancreatic carcinoma. The identified protein C3 in this study may be as specific serum biomarkers of pancreatic carcinoma.</p>